The rise of social media and digital platforms has transformed how people connect and share information. Unfortunately, it has also led to an increase in harmful conduct such as online defamation and cyberbullying, which often cause reputational damage, emotional distress, and even financial loss for victims. Unlike traditional forms of defamation, online abuse spreads faster, reaches wider audiences, and leaves lasting digital footprints.
What is Online Defamation and Cyberbullying?
- Defamation refers to false statements (written or spoken) published about a person that damage their reputation, expose them to hatred, or affect their profession or business.
- Online defamation is defamatory content shared through digital platforms such as social media, blogs, or messaging apps.
- Cyberbullying involves the use of phones, computers, or social media to harass, intimidate, or spread harmful information about someone, often through abusive messages, false posts, or sharing private content without consent.
Legal Framework in Nigeria
Victims of online defamation and cyberbullying are protected under various Nigerian laws:
- Civil Defamation Law – Victims may sue for libel (written) or slander (spoken) to obtain damages, injunctions, and retractions.
- Criminal Law – Both the Criminal Code (South) and Penal Code (North) criminalize defamation. The Cybercrimes Act 2015 also addresses online abuse and prescribes fines and imprisonment.
- Evidence Act 2011 – Allows electronic records and digital evidence to be used in court, provided they are properly authenticated.
- Data Protection Law (NDPA 2023) – Victims may request removal or correction of harmful online content and enforce their privacy rights.
Remedies Available to Victims
Victims can pursue:
- Civil Remedies – Monetary damages, injunctions to stop further publication, court-ordered retractions, and Court order to delete offensive materials.
- Administrative Remedies – Reporting abusive content to social media platforms for takedown; filing complaints with regulators like the NCC.
- Criminal Remedies – Prosecution under the Cybercrimes Act or Criminal/ Penal Codes, which carry fines and prison terms for offenders.
Online defamation and cyberbullying are serious offences in Nigeria with far-reaching personal and social consequences. Fortunately, victims have multiple legal options including civil lawsuits, criminal prosecution, administrative complaints, and data protection remedies. By seeking professional legal assistance, victims can protect their reputation, enforce their rights, and hold perpetrators accountable.